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The Duchess of Alba
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The Duchess of Alba

The Duchess of Alba

Artist: Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (Spanish, 1746-1828)

Date: 1797
Dimensions:
H 210.3 x W 149.3 cm (H 82 13/16 x W 58 3/4 in.)
Medium: Oil on canvas
Credit Line: Presented to the Hispanic Society by Archer M. Huntington, 1907.
Place Made:Spain
Period: Modern
Culture: Spanish
Not on View
DescriptionFrancisco de Goya y Lucientes (Fuendetodos, Zaragoza, 1746–Bordeaux, 1828)
The Duchess of Alba, 1797
Oil on canvas, 210.3 × 149.3 cm
Inscribed bottom center and left (in the soil): “Solo Goya / 1797”
New York, The Hispanic Society of America, A102

PROVENANCE: The artist, 1797–1812; his son, Javier Goya, from 1812; sold by Javier Goya to Baron Isidore-Justin Taylor for the collection of Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 1836; Galerie Louis-Philippe (Galerie Espagnole), Musée du Louvre, 1838–48; réserves du Louvre, Paris, 1848–50; heirs of King Louis-Philippe, England, 1850–53; Louis-Philippe sale, Christie’s, London, 21 May 1853, lot 444; bought at above sale by ‘Pearce’ for the Pereire brothers, Jacob-Émile and Isaac; Pereire collection, Paris; Villiers [Pereire] sale, Paris, 30–31 January 1868, lot 26; bought at above sale by Alexis-Joseph Febvre (1810–1881); said to have been in the Bamberg collection and in the collection of P. Sohège, Paris; José Domingo Irureta Goyena collection, Paris and/or Seville; Paul C. W. Sohège (1850–1922), Paris; Gimpel and Wildenstein, Paris, 1906; Archer M. Huntington, New York, 1906; presented to The Hispanic Society of America, 1907

Francisco de Goya offers one of his most iconic images in this portrait of the 13th Duchess of Alba, María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva Álvarez de Toledo y Silva Bazán (1762–1802). In addition to its brilliant display of painting, its appeal consists in the mystery surrounding its creation and meaning. Born in Fuendetodos (Zaragoza), Francisco de Goya first studied with local artists in Zaragoza before continuing his studies in Madrid and Italy. When he settled in Madrid, he painted designs for the Royal Tapestry Factory and became a successful portraitist. Among his sitters number King Charles III, his brother, the Infante don Luis, aristocrats from the Osuna and Alba families and numerous ministers. Goya’s career continued to flourish under the next king, Charles IV, but his style underwent a dramatic change after he recovered from a mysterious illness contracted on a visit to Andalucía in 1792. Not only did he develop a breathtaking technique but his subjects now included powerful and unsettling images. In part this reflects the turbulence of the times, from the horrors of Napoleon’s invasion of Spain (1808–14) to the re-establishment of the Bourbon dynasty in the person of Charles IV’s son Ferdinand VII. In fact, repression under this monarch proved so severe that Goya ultimately fled Spain and died in Bordeaux.

Goya’s portrait of the duchess must be seen in this context. The Duchess of Alba was one of the most striking figures at court in the late 18th century. When Goya visited her estate at Sanlúcar de Barrameda, near Cádiz for several months from 1796 to 1797, she was thirty-five years old, just widowed, and in the flower of her beauty. Jean-Marie-Jerôme Fleuriot, a French visitor to Madrid, declared that “the Duchess of Alba has not a single hair on her head that does not awaken desire.” Standing before what is presumably the Guadalquivir or one of its tributaries at her estate in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, the duchess is fashionably attired in the popular style of a maja from urban Madrid. Goya renders her dress with a brilliant freedom of brushwork particularly in her sleeve and mantilla that contrasts with the soft, almost transparent glazes of the landscape. Although the painter evokes the sitter and her environment vividly, the duchess stares out enigmatically.

The relation between the two has given rise to much speculation, and we will never know the details of their relationship. In his art, Goya clearly reveals that he succumbed to her charisma. Although later works suggest a subsequent disenchantment, this painting predates that moment. Written in the sand are the words, “Solo Goya” (Only Goya), while she wears rings inscribed “Alba” and “Goya.” The painting had great personal significance for the artist since he kept it in his studio long after the duchess’s death. Today, a viewer can readily understand its appeal for the artist: the work represents an outstanding example of his artistry and perhaps his finest portrait. MBB

Texto en Español:

Francisco de Goya dejó una de sus imágenes más deslumbrantes en este retrato de la XIII duquesa de Alba, María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva Álvarez de Toledo y Silva Bazán (1762-1802). Además de ser un brillante alarde de pintura, también atrae por el misterio que se cierne sobre su creación y su significado.

Nacido en Fuendetodos (Zaragoza), Francisco de Goya se formó con maestros locales en Zaragoza antes de continuar sus estudios en Madrid y en Italia. Ya afincado definitivamente en Madrid pintó cartones para la Real Fábrica de Tapices y se erigió en retratista de éxito, contando entre sus clientes al propio rey Carlos III, su hermano el infante don Luis, aristócratas de las familias Osuna y Alba y muchos ministros del gobierno. La carrera de Goya siguió floreciendo bajo el monarca siguiente, Carlos IV, pero su estilo dio un giro radical tras recuperarse de una misteriosa enfermedad contraída en una visita a Andalucía en 1792. No solo se forjó entonces una asombrosa técnica, sino que en su temática irrumpieron asuntos inquietantes y dramáticos. En parte reflejaban la turbulencia de los tiempos, desde los horrores de la invasión napoleónica de España (1808-1814) hasta el restablecimiento de la dinastía borbónica en la persona del hijo de Carlos IV, Fernando VII. Fruto de las severísimas medidas represivas del nuevo rey fue que el propio Goya huyera de España para acabar muriendo en Burdeos.

Hay que ver en ese contexto su retrato de la duquesa. La duquesa de Alba era una de las figuras más llamativas en la corte española de los últimos años del siglo XVIII. Cuando Goya pasó unos meses invitado en su finca de Sanlúcar de Barrameda, de 1796 a 1797, María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana tenía treinta y cinco años, acababa de enviudar y estaba en la flor de su belleza: para un visitante francés en Madrid, Jean-Marie-Jerôme Fleuriot, la duquesa de Alba «no tiene un solo cabello que no inspire deseos». Aquí la vemos, dando la espalda a lo que podría ser el Guadalquivir o uno de sus ramales en su hacienda de Sanlúcar, vistiendo el traje negro de maja inspirado en modelos populares. Goya lo ejecuta con una brillantísima libertad de pincelada, sobre todo en las mangas y la mantilla, que contrasta con las veladuras suaves y casi transparentes del paisaje. El pintor capta con intensa vividez a su modelo y su entorno, pero la duquesa sostiene una mirada enigmática.

La relación que hubo entre los dos ha dado origen a muchas especulaciones; los detalles no los conoceremos nunca. Que Goya sucumbió al hechizo de la duquesa, lo revela claramente su arte: obras posteriores dejan entrever una decepción, pero aquí ese momento no ha llegado aún. En la arena está escrito «Solo Goya», y en los anillos de la duquesa se leen las inscripciones «Alba» y «Goya». El retrato tuvo una gran significación personal para el artista, que lo conservaba en su taller muchos años después de muerta Cayetana. El espectador de hoy puede entender fácilmente ese apego: es un ejemplo sobresaliente de la magnitud del arte de Goya, y quizá el mejor de todos sus retratos. MBB

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
EZQUERRA DEL BAYO 1959 Joaquín Ezquerra del Bayo, La duquesa de Alba y Goya. Madrid: Aguilar, 1959, pp. 176 bis (ill.), 194-99, and passim
GASSIER AND WILSON 1971 Pierre Gassier and Juliet Wilson-Bareau, The Life and Complete Work of Francisco Goya: With a Catalogue Raisonné of the Paintings, Drawings and Engravings, ed. by François Lachenal. New York: Reynal, William Morrow, 1971, pp. 114-19, and 171, no. 355 (ill.)
LENAGHAN ET AL. ( EDS. ) 2000 Patrick Lenaghan, Mitchell A. Codding, Mencía Figueroa Villota, and John O’Neill (eds.), The Hispanic Society of America. Tesoros. New York: The Hispanic Society of America, 2000, pp. 368-69, no. 125 and cover
PORTÚS PÉREZ ( ED. ) 2004 Javier Portús Pérez (ed.), El retrato español: del Greco a Picasso [Exh. Cat., Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado, 20 October 2004–6 February 2005]. Madrid: Museo Nacional del Prado, 2004., pp. 361-62, no. 62 and cover
GIMÉNEZ AND CALVO SERRALLER ( EDS. ) 2006 Carmen Giménez and Francisco Calvo Serraller (eds.), Spanish Painting from El Greco to Picasso: Time, Truth, and History [Exh. Cat., New York, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 17 November 2006–28 March 2007]. [Madrid], New York: Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Cultural Exterior, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, 2006, pp. 180-81
MENA MARQUÉS AND MÜHLE- MAURER 2006 Manuela B. Mena Marqués and Gudrun Mühle-Maurer, La duquesa de Alba, “musa” de Goya: El mito y la historia. [Madrid]: El Viso, [2006], pp. 148-58, 202-9
BRAY ( ED. ) 2015 Xavier Bray (ed.), Goya: The Portraits. London, New Haven: National Gallery Company, Yale University Press, 2015, pp. 89, 93-94 (ill.), 214-15, and 243 (citing previous bibliography)
CHECA CREMADES ( ED. ) 2015 Fernando Checa Cremades (ed.), Treasures from the House of Alba: 500 Years of Art and Collecting [Exh. Cat., Dallas, Meadows Museum, Southern Methodist University, 11 September 2015–3 January 2016; Nashville, Frist Center for the Visual Arts, 5 February–1 May 2016]. Dallas: Meadows Museum, 2015, pp. 36-49 and 110-15, 38, fig. 3
BURKE 2016 Marcus B. Burke, “The Hispanic Society of America, Nueva York,” in Mark A. Roglán (ed.), Arte español en los Estados Unidos de América. Madrid: El Viso, 2016, p. 137
CODDING ( ED. ) 2017 Mitchell A. Codding (ed.), Tesoros de la Hispanic Society: Visiones del mundo hispánico. Madrid, New York: Museo Nacional del Prado, The Hispanic Society of America, 2017, pp. 331-33, no. 168
CODDING ( ED. ) 2018a [Spanish edition] Mitchell A. Codding (ed.), Tesoros de la Hispanic Society of America. Mexico City, New York: Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, The Hispanic Society of America, 2018, pp. 351-53, no. 188
CODDING (ED.) 2018b [English edition] Mitchell A. Codding (ed.), Visions of the Hispanic World: Treasures from The Hispanic Society Museum & Library. New York: The Hispanic Society of America, 2018, no. 178

Accession Number: A102