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Reliquary Altar Cross

Reliquary Altar Cross

Artist: Unknown Artist (Spanish)

Date: 1300's (cross), ca. 1375-1450 (base ensemble)
Dimensions:
H 48.3 x W 26.2 cm (H 19 x W 10 5/16 in.)
Medium: Silver gilt with champlevé and transparent enamel
Credit Line: Acquired by Archer M. Huntington for the Hispanic Society, 1907.
Place Made:Spain
Period: Medieval
Culture: Spanish (Catalunya)
Not on View
DescriptionReliquary Cross
Crown of Aragón, early 1300s (cross), and ca. 1375–1450 (base ensemble)
Silver gilt with champlevé and translucent enamels, 48.3 × 26.2 × 21.2 cm
Inscribed at top of cross: “ihesus nazare / nus recx iudeO / rum”
Inscribed around base: “ecce lingnum [sic] crucis in quO salus mundi pependit venite adOremus”
Inscribed on scrolls of the quatrefoil images of the evangelists, from top clockwise: “s inOhans [?],” “s luchai,” “s mateus,” and “s marcus”
New York, The Hispanic Society of America, R3015

PROVENANCE: Oscar Heinauer Collection, Berlin, –1894; Julie Hainauer, Berlin, 1894–1906; Duveen Brothers, London, by 1906; acquired by Archer M. Huntington, New York, for The Hispanic Society of America, 1907

This late Gothic reliquary crucifix is decorated with colorful champlevé leaf and floral forms surrounding a cast crucified Christ on the obverse; the reverse has the same decoration with four quatrefoils of the evangelists with translucent enamel similar to the Catalan technique surrounding an enamel champlevé Agnus Dei. The upper portion, a hollow patriarchal crucifix that comes apart to hold a relic of the true cross, has been adapted for use as an altar cross. The Gothic architectural knop consisting of a four-sided shaft carved with round-arched niches backed with blue enamel, shelters cast figures of prophets with scrolls. Above them, a Gothic canopy with four turrets ending in a total of eight supports leads to a separated eight-sided crown. The base of the crucifix has the form of a cross fleury with four enamel roundels in the indentations showing a green lion rampant on a red ground.

The object is both difficult to date and even more difficult to assign to a local school. The reliquary cross, which may intentionally imitate eastern examples, offers simple geometrical forms decorated with the colors of the enamel. The knop assembly, on the other hand, is an energetic late Gothic architectural fantasy, with the curious touch of the crown element hovering over the rest on the reconstructed shaft. The architectural elements find parallels in Valencian, Catalan, and Aragonese crucifixes, reliquaries, and chalices. The flowing base also finds parallels in these geographical areas, as well as in Mallorcan examples. The best approximation may be that an early 14th-century patriarchal reliquary cross was modified around the turn of the 15th century at a center in Eastern Spain to adapt it to contemporary design preferences. MB

Texto en Español:

Este crucifijo relicario tardogótico está decorado en el anverso con hojas y flores de vivo colorido en esmalte campeado, alrededor de una figura de fundición de Cristo crucificado. El reverso lleva el mismo ornato, con cuatro tetralóbulos de los evangelistas en un esmalte translúcido semejante a la técnica catalana, en torno a un Agnus Dei campeado. Esa parte superior es una cruz patriarcal hueca que se desmonta para alojar en ella una reliquia de la Vera Cruz y ha sido adaptada para su uso como cruz de altar. El nudo arquitectónico gótico, consistente en un núcleo de sección cuadrada con nichos en arco de medio punto revestidos de esmalte azul, alberga profetas de fundición con filacterias. Más arriba un doselete gótico con cuatro torrecillas que rematan en un total de ocho soportes conduce a un coronamiento octogonal separado. La base tiene forma de cruz flordelisada, con cuatro medallones de esmalte en los entrantes y en cada uno de ellos un león rampante de sinople en campo de gules.

Es una pieza difícil de fechar y aún más de asignar a una escuela concreta. La cruz relicario, que podría imitar deliberadamente modelos orientales, ofrece formas geométricas simples decoradas con los colores del esmalte. El conjunto del nudo, en cambio, es una enérgica fantasía arquitectónica tardogótica, con el curioso toque de ese coronamiento que sobrevuela el resto sobre el astil reconstruido. Los elementos de la arquitectura tienen paralelos en crucifijos, relicarios y cálices valencianos, catalanes y aragoneses. También de la fluida base se encuentran paralelos en esas regiones y en Mallorca. Tal vez lo más exacto sería decir que estamos ante una cruz patriarcal relicario de comienzos del siglo XIV que fue modificada hacia el tránsito al siglo siguiente, en un centro del Levante español, para adaptarla a las preferencias del diseño contemporáneo. MB

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
BODE 1906 Wilhelm Bode, The Collection of Oscar Heinauer. London: The Chiswick Press, 1906, p. 125, no. 399
JOHNSON 1944 Ada Marshall Johnson, Hispanic Silverwork. New York, The Hispanic Society of America, 1944, pp. 148-53
LENAGHAN ET AL. ( EDS. ) 2000 Patrick Lenaghan, Mitchell A. Codding, Mencía Figueroa Villota, and John O’Neill (eds.), The Hispanic Society of America. Tesoros. New York: The Hispanic Society of America, 2000, pp. 142-43, no. 20
CODDING ( ED. ) 2017 Mitchell A. Codding (ed.), Tesoros de la Hispanic Society: Visiones del mundo hispánico. Madrid, New York: Museo Nacional del Prado, The Hispanic Society of America, 2017, pp. 146-47, no. 46
CODDING ( ED. ) 2018a [Spanish edition] Mitchell A. Codding (ed.), Tesoros de la Hispanic Society of America. Mexico City, New York: Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, The Hispanic Society of America, 2018, pp. 134-35, no. 46
CODDING ( ED. ) 2018b [English edition] Mitchell A. Codding (ed.), Visions of the Hispanic World: Treasures from The Hispanic Society Museum & Library. New York: The Hispanic Society of America, 2018, no. 46

Accession Number: R3015